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Showing The Origin of Species Illustrated (The Illustrated Origin of Species) order by subject, title, ordinal limit 316, 4 (4 of 475).

subject

title

description

317

06 - Difficutiles in Theory

06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect

We see this, for instance, in the men of different races admiring an entirely different standard of beauty in their women.

If beautiful objects had been created solely for man's gratification, it ought to be shown that before man appeared, there was less beauty on the face of the earth than since he came on the stage.

Were the beautiful volute and cone shells of the Eocene epoch, and the gracefully sculptured ammonites of the Secondary
period, created that man might ages afterwards admire them in his cabinet?

Volute Shell

Cone Shell

Few objects are more beautiful than the minute siliceous cases of the diatomaceae: were these created that they might be examined and admired under the higher powers of the microscope?

diatom

microscope

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318

06 - Difficutiles in Theory

06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect

The beauty in this latter case, and in many others, is apparently wholly due to symmetry of growth.

Flowers rank amongst the most beautiful productions of nature; but they have been rendered conspicuous in contrast with the green leaves, and in consequence at the same time beautiful, so that they may be easily observed by insects.

insect

I have come to this conclusion from finding it an invariable rule that when a flower is fertilised by the wind it never has a gaily-coloured corolla.

Several plants habitually produce two kinds of flowers; one kind open and coloured so as to attract insects; the other closed, not coloured, destitute of nectar, and never visited by insects.

Hence we may conclude that, if insects had not been developed on the face of the earth, our plants would not have been decked with beautiful flowers, but would have produced only such poor flowers as we see on our fir, oak, nut and ash trees, on grasses, spinach, docks, and nettles, which are all fertilised through the agency of the wind.

fir

oak

ash

grass

spinach

Dock Plant

nettle

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319

06 - Difficutiles in Theory

06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect

A similar line of argument holds good with fruits; that a ripe strawberry or cherry is as pleasing to the eye as to the palate,- that the gaily-coloured fruit of the spindle-wood tree and the scarlet berries of the holly are beautiful objects,- will be admitted by every one.

strawberry

cherry

Spindle Wood

Holly Berries

But this beauty serves merely as a guide to birds and beasts, in order that the fruit may be devoured and the matured seeds disseminated: I infer that this is the case from having as yet found no exception to the rule that seeds are always thus disseminated when embedded within a fruit of any kind (that is within a fleshy or pulpy envelope), if it be coloured of any brilliant tint, or rendered conspicuous by being white or black.

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320

06 - Difficutiles in Theory

06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect

On the other hand, I willingly admit that a great number of male animals, as all our most gorgeous birds, some fishes, reptiles, and mammals, and a host of magnificently coloured butterflies, have been rendered beautiful for beauty's sake; but this has been effected through sexual selection, that is, by the more beautiful males having been continually preferred by the females, and not for the delight of man.

So it is with the music of birds. We may infer from all this that a nearly similar taste for beautiful colours and for musical sounds runs through a large part of the animal kingdom.

When the female is as beautifully coloured as the male, which is not rarely the case with birds and butterflies, the cause apparently lies in the colours acquired through sexual selection having been transmitted to both sexes, instead of to the males alone.

butterfly

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Statistics and Drill Down Data Mining

subject	#
01 - Variations Under Domestication	53	53
02 - Variations Under Nature	23	76
03 - Struggle for Existence	30	106
04 - Natural Selection	105	211
05 - Laws of Variation	48	259
06 - Difficutiles in Theory	74	333
07 - Instinct	13	346
08 - Hybridism	9	355
09 - On the Imperfection of the Geological Record	7	362
10 - On The Geological Succession of Organic Beings	10	372
11 - Geographical Distribution	7	379
12 - Geographical Distribution -- continued	23	402
13 - Mutual Affinities of Organic Beings: Morphology: Embryology: Rudimentary Or	34	436
14 - Recapitulation and Conclusion	38	474

title	#
01-01 - Causes of Variability	5	5
01-02 - Effects of Habit	1	6
01-03 - correlation of Growth	2	8
01-04 - Inheritance	4	12
01-05 -Character of Domestic Varieties	2	14
01-06 - Difficulty of distinguishing between Varieties and Species	2	16
01-07 - Origin of Domestic Varieties from one or more Species	7	23
01-08 - Breeds of the Domestic Pigeons, their Differences and Origin	9	32
01-09 - Principles of Selection anciently followed, and their Effects	6	38
01-10 - Methodical and Unconscious Selection	5	43
01-11 - Unknown Origin of our Domestic Productions	5	48
01-12 - Circumstances favourable to Man's Power of Selection	3	51
01-13 - Summary	2	53
02-01 - Variability	2	55
02-02 - Individual Differences	2	57
02-03 - Doubtful Species	10	67
02-04 - Wide-ranging, much diffused, and common Species vary most	3	70
02-05 - Species of the Larger Genera in each Country vary more frequently than the Species of the Smaller Genera	2	72
02-06 - Many of the Species included within the Larger Genera resemble Varieties in being very closely, but unequally, related to each other, and in having restricted ranges	2	74
02-07 - Summary	2	76
03-01 - Bears on Natural Selection	2	78
03-02 - The Term, Struggle for Existence, used in a large sense	2	80
03-03 - Geometrical Ratio of Increase	2	82
03-04 - Rapid Increase of naturalised Animals and Plants	3	85
03-05 - Nature of the Checks to Increase	2	87
03-06 - Competition Universal	2	89
03-07 - Effects of Climate	2	91
03-08 - Protection from the Number of Individuals	2	93
03-09 - Complex Relations of all Animals and Plants Throughout Nature	5	98
03-10 - Struggle for Life most severe between Individuals and Varieties of the same Species	2	100
03-11 - The Relation of Organism to Organism the Most Important of All Relations	4	104
03-12 - Summary	2	106
04-01 - Natural Selection	5	111
04-02 - Its Power Compared with Man's Selection	2	113
04-03 - Its Power on Characters of Trifling Importance	2	115
04-04 - Its Power at All Ages and on Both Sexes	2	117
04-05 - Sexual Selection	3	120
04-06 - On the generality of Intercross Between Individuals of the Same Species	9	129
04-07 - Illustrations of the Action of Natural Selection:	10	139
04-08 - On the Intercrossing of Individuals	8	147
04-09 - Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through Natural Selection	12	159
04-10 - Extinction caused by Natural Selection	3	162
04-11 - Divergence of Character	26	188
04-12 - On the Degree to which Organisation tends to advance	11	199
04-13 - Convergence of Character	8	207
04-14 - Summary of Chapter	4	211
05-01 - Effects of External Conditions	2	213
05-02 - Use and Disuse of Parts, combined with Natural Selection, Organs of Flight and Vision	7	220
05-03 - Acclimatisation	4	224
05-04 - Correlation of Growth	5	229
05-05 - Compensation and Economy of Growth	2	231
05-06 - False Correlation	2	233
05-07 - Multiple, Rudimentary, and Lowly-organised Structures are Variable	2	235
05-08 - Parts Developed in an Unusual Manner are Highly Variable	5	240
05-09 - Specific Characters more Variable than Generic Characters	2	242
05-10 - Secondary Sexual Characters Variable	3	245
05-11 - Species of the Same Genus Vary in an Analogous Manner	2	247
05-12 - Reversion to Long Lost Characters	10	257
05-13 - Summary	2	259
06-01 - Difficulties on the Theory of Descent with Modification	5	264
06-02 - Transitions	2	266
06-03 - Absence or Rarity of Transitional Varieties	10	276
06-04 - Transitions in Habits of Life	7	283
06-05 - Diversified Habits in the Same Species	2	285
06-06 - Species with Habits Widely Diffferent from those of their Allies	3	288
06-07 - Organs of extreme Perfection	5	293
06-08 - Means of Transition	6	299
06-09 - Cases of Difficulty	5	304
06-10 - Natura Non Facit Saltum	2	306
06-11 - Organs of Small Importance	6	312
06-12 - Organs not in all Cases Absolutely Perfect	13	325
06-13 - Summary: The Law of Unity of Type and of the Conditions of Existence Embraced by the Theory of Natural Selection	8	333
07-01 - Instincts comparable with habits, but different in their origin	2	335
07-02 - Instincts Graduated	2	337
07-03 - Aphides and ants	1	338
07-04 - Instincts variable	1	339
07-05 - Domestic instincts, their origin	1	340
07-06 - Natural instincts of the cuckoo, ostrich, and parasitic bees	1	341
07-07 - Slave-making ants	1	342
07-08 - Hive-bee, its cell-making instinct	1	343
07-09 - Difficulties on the theory of the Natural Selection of instincts	1	344
07-10 - Neuter or sterile insects	1	345
07-11 - Summary	1	346
08-01 - Distinction between the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	1	347
08-02 - Sterility various in degree, not universal, affected by close interbreeding, removed by domestication	1	348
08-03 - Laws governing the sterility of hybrids	1	349
08-04 - Sterility not a special endowment, but incidental on other differences	1	350
08-05 - Causes of the sterility of first crosses and of hybrids	1	351
08-06 - Parallelism between the effects of changed conditions of life and crossing	1	352
08-07 - Fertility of varieties when crossed and of their mongrel offspring not universal	1	353
08-08 - Hybrids and mongrels compared independently of their fertility	1	354
08-09 - Summary	1	355
09-01 -On the absence of intermediate varieties at the present day	1	356
09-02 - On the nature of extinct intermediate varieties; on their number	1	357
09-03 - On the vast lapse of time, as inferred from the rate of deposition and of denudation	1	358
09-04 - On the poorness of our palaeontological collections	1	359
09-05 - On the intermittence of geological formations	1	360
09-06 - On the absence of intermediate varieties in any one formation	1	361
09-07 - On their sudden appearance in the lowest known fossiliferous strata	1	362
10-01 - On the slow and successive appearance of new species	1	363
10-02 - On their different rates of change	1	364
10-03 - Species once lost do not reappear	1	365
10-04 - Groups of species follow the same general rules in their appearance and disappearance as do single species	1	366
10-05 - On Extinction	1	367
10-06 - On simultaneous changes in the forms of life throughout the world	1	368
10-07 - On the affinities of extinct species to each other and to living species	1	369
10-08 - On the state of development of ancient forms	1	370
10-09 - On the succession of the same types within the same areas	1	371
10-10 - Summary of preceding and present chapters	1	372
11-01 - Present distribution cannot be accounted for by differences in physical conditions	1	373
11-02 - Importance of barriers	1	374
11-03 - Affinity of the productions of the same continent	1	375
11-04 - Centres of creation	1	376
11-05 - Means of dispersal, by changes of climate and of the level of the land, and by occasional means	2	378
11-06 - Dispersal during the Glacial period co-extensive with the world	1	379
12-10 - Distribution of fresh-water productions	1	380
12-20 - On the inhabitants of oceanic islands	1	381
12-30 - Absence of Batrachians and of terrestrial Mammals	4	385
12-40 - On the relations of the inhabitants of islands to those of the nearest mainland	3	388
12-50 - On colonisation from the nearest source with subsequent modification	10	398
12-60 - Summary of the last and present chapters	4	402
13-01 - CLASSIFICATION, groups subordinate to groups	1	403
13-02 - Natural system	1	404
13-03 - Rules and difficulties in classification, explained on the theory of descent with modification	13	417
13-04 - Classification of varieties	1	418
13-05 - Descent always used in classification	6	424
13-06 - Analogical or adaptive characters	2	426
13-07 - Affinities, general, complex and radiating	2	428
13-08 - Extinction separates and defines groups	4	432
13-09 - MORPHOLOGY, between members of the same class, between parts of the same individual	1	433
13-10 - EMBRYOLOGY, laws of, explained by variations not supervening at an early age, and being inherited at a corresponding age	1	434
13-11 - RUDIMENTARY ORGANS; their origin explained	1	435
13-12 - Summary	1	436
14-01 - Recapitulation of the difficulties on the theory of Natural Selection	7	443
14-02 - Recapitulation of the general and special circumstances in its favour	10	453
14-03 - Causes of the general belief in the immutability of species	13	466
14-04 - How far the theory of natural selection may be extended	1	467
14-05 - Effects of its adoption on the study of Natural history	5	472
14-06 - Concluding remarks	2	474
wolfs	1	475

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